In former times, no hours were more extraordinary in our forefathers’ lives than those just before the onset of the awesome day, Yom Kippur. These comprised moments of such intense religious upheaval in the human soul that it was as if the world became a different planet, one in which all normal human needs and worries fell away. The solemnity of these awe-inspiring hours was hard to carry.[1] Testimonies of these moments have reached us through the writings of our forefathers and by oral transmission.[2]
What was our forefathers’ secret to reaching this state of mind and heart?
The venerable Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Kook z”l, Chief Rabbi of Palestine before the Jewish State was established, mystic, and one of the most original thinkers ever, draws attention to a strange phrase at the end of the Al Cheit confessional prayer, which is said on this awesome day: “My God, before I was formed I was of no worth; and now that I have been formed, it is as if I was not formed.” Rabbi Kook explains that the first part of this confession is indeed easy to understand. Before I was formed I was obviously of no worth, since I did not yet exist! The world was not yet in need of me. But why should man say that once created, his existence is as if he had not been formed? Is the fact that he now exists not proof that his life is of great significance? What, then, is the meaning of this strange confession that his existence is as if he does not exist? Rabbi Kook goes on to explain the import of these words in a simple but penetrating way: When I was not yet formed, I was obviously of no worth, since the fact that I did not yet exist meant that there was no need for me to exist. But now that I have been formed, there must be a reason for my being: a mission that I am to fulfill, something that only I am able to accomplish. Consequently, my existence is of crucial importance not just for myself but for all of mankind and the entire universe. So, what is it that I now confess at this solemn hour? That I have neither been living up to that mission nor succeeded in my attempts to accomplish it! And if that is so, then my whole existence is called into question. As such, I have returned to a situation in which my existence is of no value, just as in my prenatal condition. So, “now that I have been formed, it is as if I was not formed.”[3]
This awesome thought is the focal point of Yom Kippur. Am I worthy to have a claim on life? Or, have I been born but lost my right to live? This is by far the most important question for man to ask. The trembling of the earlier generations on Erev Yom Kippur was indeed that of great pachad (fear) – not fear of punishment or death, but of not rising to the challenge of living in God’s presence and fulfilling one’s destiny!
Our forefathers understood those hours to be decisive. It was a time of great spiritual embarrassment. What if I have not lived up to my mission – a mission that only I, among the billions of people, can accomplish? And only now, at this very moment in history! What if I fail? Then this mission will never be fulfilled – neither now nor later. For what purpose, then, have I been created? It was this sense of inadequacy that was acutely felt during those hours in the lives of our forefathers.
Yom Kippur is also a day on which we are prohibited to eat. But we need to understand the significance of this prohibition. Why is the denial of food so important? One of our great teachers, Rabbi Avraham Yehoshua Heschel (1748-1825), the Rebbe of Apt, also known as the Ohev Yisrael (lover of all Jews), provided a significant answer to that question. On the fast of Tish’ah B’Av, the day commemorating the destruction of both temples, he would ask, “How is it possible to eat on such a day?” Just thinking about the disasters that befell the Jewish people can cause a total loss of appetite. There is no way that one is able to eat on such a day!
On Yom Kippur he would ask, “Who needs to eat?” This is a day when man surpasses himself; when he outdoes himself; when man lives, at least for a few hours, on a level where the question whether he is worthy to have been created must be answered with a dazzling YES. During these hours Jews are likened to angels, and angels do not eat[4]
But perhaps there is still another meaning to the question How is it possible to eat on such a day. Only once a year is a Jew granted just over 25 hours to contemplate these words: “And now that I have been formed, it is as if I was not formed.” Who, then, has time to eat or even think about food at such an awe-inspiring time?
The great tragedy of our generation is that for many of us, even as we enter Yom Kippur and observe its laws, there is no longer a feeling of pachad (fear) or of trembling before God. We have lost the art of grasping the greatness of the day. It becomes more and more difficult each year. Even when we fast and say the prayers, we are not haunted by the question of having been created versus not having been created. In secular society, there is no longer a feeling of shame regarding what we do with our lives. Anything goes. We have been deadened by daily needs, occupations and pleasures. We are “allrightniks” – neither contrite nor even embarrassed.
But with a little more thought, we Jews can realize how privileged we are to have one day in the year to be jealous of our forefathers’ religious authenticity. We should want to pay millions of dollars for the ability to participate in even an hour of such genuine religious experience as they had on Erev Yom Kippur. Their great secret was trembling in awe of the Master of the World, while fully cognizant that they could actually turn their lives around and say, “Yes, I was created, and I am worthy.” Who would not dream of experiencing such hours?
Just reminding ourselves of this dream makes Yom Kippur a day filled with meaning. We should at least dream bold dreams, and we should dream harder.
Gemar chatima tova.
Notes
[1] This may be the reason why we start saying the longer viduy (confession prayers) during the afternoon prayers even before Yom Kippur and before partaking of the seudah hamafseket, the last meal eaten prior to the fast. The upheaval in the soul at that time would be so great that one could indeed die from the experience before Yom Kippur has even started.
[2] See, for example: Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff, The Rav: The World of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (New York: Ktav, 1999) vol. 2, pp. 169 and 170. See also: Abraham Joshua Heschel, ed. by Susannah Heschel, Moral Grandeur and Spiritual Audacity (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996) pp. 146-147. (The author is the grandson of the Ohev Yisrael and bears his name.)
[3] Olat Re’iyah, vol. 2, page 356.
[4] Heschel, ad loc.
Questions to Ponder from the David Cardozo Think Tank: (We suggest printing out and discussing at the your Shabbat tables, if you like.)
- The Yom Kippur Rabbi Cardozo presents here is a day of positivity and inspiration, not a day to fear punishment but a day to feel personally challenged and inspired. How does this image fit with the Yom Kippurs you have experienced throughout your life? Is your Yom Kippur typically saturated with feelings of guilt or with feelings of uplifting challenge? Which of these images is more compelling for you? Is one possible without the other?
- Fasting on Yom Kippur is traditionally thought of as an act of self-affliction within the context of petitioning God for atonement. It is a relational and communicative act. In the eyes of the Apter Rebbe, Rabbi A.Y. Heschel, it is more like the natural expression of a state of inner focus: on Yom Kippur we engage in contemplation on the ultimate question of our existence with such single-minded focus that to eat would be a distraction. Which of these languages of fasting speaks to you? Do they each have their place in your Yom Kippur world?
- According to the Talmudic Rabbis, the righteous even in death are called “living” and the wicked even in life are called “dead”. There is a difference between merely being alive and living. According to Rabbi Cardozo, citing Rabbi A.Y. Kook, Yom Kippur is a day for reflecting on whether we are truly living our lives: what is the meaning of our life, what is our unique purpose in life, to what extent are we living up to these challenges? Does your Yom Kippur experience help you to focus on these questions? Is there a particular moment in the Yom Kippur service, a particular line in the mahzor, that turns your mind to these questions? Is there a practice you could adopt that would enhance the meaning of the day for you, for example, closing your eyes and sitting for a few minutes in silent meditation at some point during the service?
- Yom Kippur is a day for reflecting on life and death, not so much in the physical sense as in the spiritual sense. Does secular society, as Rabbi Cardozo claims, deaden us spiritually? If so, how? Consumerist values, mindless entertainment, work ambition, value-neutral liberal society? We live in such a society whether we like it or not and there is, after all, much to celebrate in modern, liberal society. Can the religious soul find meaning and purpose even when condemned to live in modern society? Does the religious soul live in a permanent state of tension with modern society? Can it ever be inspired by modern society?”
- Yom Kippur, according to Rabbi Cardozo, challenges me to find my mission in life, something only I am able to accomplish. This sounds like a clarion call to personal authenticity. This search for authenticity must, inevitably, be carried out within the framework of Jewish values and practice. Is there a conflict here? Does traditional Jewish practice leave room for the search for authenticity? Can it be argued, to the contrary, that the search for personal authenticity is only possible within a framework of objective value?
Whether fasting reflects self-affliction or inner focus, it oftentimes causes the faster to feel weak, tired and light-headed. This may help the faster attain an out-of-body/mystical experience, but it impedes logical thought and, if the feeling is too unpleasant can cause the faster to focus on his or her physical sensations, instead of on prayer. One might argue that to gain true inner focus, one needs to be “strong in body and strong in mind.” Fasting would seem to be counter-indicated if clarity of thought is our objective. I would love to hear the Rabbi’s thoughts on this.